The SARS-CoV-2 has a relatively simple genome, as only codes for a few proteins and having only jumped from its original host, hence, the production of the vaccines was relatively easy. Also, having had previous knowledge from the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, a prototype vaccine was already available.[4] 

Past research conducted on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses provided the scientists a strong base of information for developing the vaccine.  

Enhanced communication amongst the scientific community and collecting information globally in real time.  

Investment – the UK alone spent £12 billion (£11.7 bn spent on immunisation campaigns and £2.9bn to purchase vaccines, securing 267 million doses of five different types according to the National Audit Office (https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n281) 

Clinical trials- the individual stages (I, II, III) were planned as integrated packages, saving time and effort.[4] Participation was voluntary.  

Scaling up the manufacturing and supply capacity – previously supply was holding vaccination programmes, however, emerging lower-cost manufacturing economies such as, India, China and Brazil along with the speed of which the technology for producing COVID-19 vaccines has been transferred to manufacturing plants across the globe has been impressive. 

Innovation - new mRNA technology was developed, having the key element the lipid nanoparticle (fat) which is designed to enclose the RNA and safely deliver the genetic material throughout the blood and into the cells -and ultimately dissolving, allowing the RNA to produce the spike protein and the immune system to mount an immune response.  

Efficiency in vaccinating the population -UK’s electronic health data collection and sharing allowed prioritisation according to their individual risk and made contact easier.[4]